Common Elements of Eastern Religion Essay

Many religions of the world have eight elements in common. The elements are a belief system, community, central myths, ritual, ethics, characteristic emotional experiences, material expression, and sacredness. These elements help shape religions and the people who believe in them. In this paper I discuss how these elements are similar or how they differ in each of a few of indigenous religions. Unique in their own way there are numerous religious traditions, some of the religion traditions include: Buddhism – this is a means of existing based on the experience of Siddhartha Gautama, Christianity – earth’s largest belief, foundation of Jesus Christ teachings, Hinduism – collection of faiths, embedded in the religious thoughts of India. Islam – discovered by the Prophet Muhammad. These religious traditions along with numerous others vary from each other, but they serve the same purpose. A relationship with the divine is essential in all beliefs of religion without communication and connection with the divine, the challenges, tribulations and experiences encountered daily becomes difficult to handle because the testing of his or her faith and being disobedient to the word of God. The relationship as well as the fellowship with the divine helps him or her to walk in the light and to live in total honesty toward God as well as with each other, without the consistent relationship and fellowship it causes he or she to be out of character and have broken fellowship with the divine. Sacred time is the â€Å"time of eternity† (Molloy, 2010, p. 43). The schedule or activities that he or she encounters daily is determine by the effective use of the clock throughout our lives. Within the religious sector sacred time for numerous religions is valued in different ways. Sacred time allows the believer to come in contact with his or her thought of being set apart. Religion provides an individual the sense of purpose for living and security. The belief in a higher power provides comfort to a human. The knowledge of how we began tells us the reason why we are here and where we are going. This knowledge or awareness is often the driving force behind the  belief of one God, a supreme being, or some call it the sacred. Let us have a look at Christianity and its teachings, and how the Christians are organized. During this process one will see the relationship between Christianity and other religions. The origin of each of the tales in these special books is determined to have begun with a prophet who communicated directly with God. Some of the stories appear to have a mythical origin. For example, in the Bible, Jesus (May peace and blessings be upon him) is believed to have died and risen from the dead again. References Molloy, M.. (2010). Experiencing the world’s religions: Traditions, challenge, and change. Retrieved from Molloy, M., REL/133 website.

Why There Is a Lack of Women in Leadership Roles

Leading and Managing People | Dr Andrew Rowe | Manchester Metropolitan University Business School | Elizabeth Ann Marku- 10996807| In recent years, women have increasingly moved into leadership positions within public and private sector organistions. It is notable, however, that their presence is less apparent in the higher echelons of professional and organisational structures where the greatest influence and power in the decision making process resides. Despite the plethora of research examining this issue, there is still conflicting opinions as to why this is the case.This assignment asks you to review the key contributions to this debate and examine the implications for effective leadership in the 21st century. | | Leading and Managing People | Dr Andrew Rowe | Manchester Metropolitan University Business School | Elizabeth Ann Marku- 10996807| In recent years, women have increasingly moved into leadership positions within public and private sector organistions. It is notable, how ever, that their presence is less apparent in the higher echelons of professional and organisational structures where the greatest influence and power in the decision making process resides.Despite the plethora of research examining this issue, there is still conflicting opinions as to why this is the case. This assignment asks you to review the key contributions to this debate and examine the implications for effective leadership in the 21st century. | | â€Å"When millions of women rise around the world, we won’t need an International Women’s Day. When millions of women rise around the world we’ll be able to harness all the days, years and resources we need to deal with climate change, poverty, violence and war†. (Womens History Month March 8 2012) Women in Leadership PositionsBreaking through the glass ceiling †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Purpose of Report In 2011 an article in the Guardian Business Newspaper stated â€Å"The Equality and Human Rights Commi ssion claims that there are 5,400 women â€Å"missing† from top jobs in the UK and the narrowing of the gender gap across business, politics and the media is â€Å"tortuously slow†. This report will review the current and historical research as to why women are not more prominent in leadership roles. Introduction Why is it important for women to be in leadership positions? Historically leadership positions have been male dominated.This is no surprise given that it was not until the Equal Franchise Act of 1928 that women over 21 were able to vote and finally achieve the same voting rights as men. The Equalities Act 2010 has created a unified public sector duty, which is intended to promote equality in public policy and decision-making. The Glass Ceiling â€Å"The glass ceiling† refers to a women's lack of advancement into leadership positions despite no visible barriers â€Å"You tend not to use your womanhood. You try to neutralize it. For example, you wear a s uit instead of a dress. † (Morrison, White, Velsor, and The Center For Creative Leadership 4)The Human Rights Commission’s research report titled ‘Sex and Power 2011’ looked at twenty seven occupational categories both in the private and public sectors and measured how many women held positions of power and influence. The research revealed that the position of women in high profile positions had changed little since a previous report in 2008 and that in 100 FTSE companies it would take some seventy years for women directors to equal men. This was also mirrored in relation to women MP’s in parliament. (Human Rights Commission, 2011) (Guardian Buisness Newspaper, Tuesday 13 September 2011 )Linder, K. 2012. , The Women of Berkshire Hathaway : Lessons from Warren Buffett's Female CEOs and Directors. [online]. Wiley. Available from: 25 November 2012 Zenger J and Folkman Jack Zenger They are co-authors of the October 2011 HBR article â€Å"Making Yourself Indispensable,† and the book How to Be Exceptional: Drive Leadership Success by Magnifying Your Strengths (McGraw-Hill, 2012). Publication information: Book title: Breaking the Glass Ceiling:Can Women Reach the Top of America's Largest Corporations?. Edition: Updated. Contributors: Ann M.Morrison – Author, Randall P. White – Author, Ellen Van Velsor – Author, The Center For Creative Leadership – OrganizationName. Publisher: Perseus Publishing. Place of publication: Cambridge, MA. Publication year: 1994. Page number: Not availableQuestia, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. www. questia. com Publication information: Book title: Human Resources, Care Giving, Career Progression, and Gender: A Gender Neutral Glass Ceiling. Contributors: Beulah S. Coyne – Author, Edward J. Coyne – Author, Monica Lee – Author. Publisher: Routledge. Place of publication: New York. Publication year: 2004. Page number: xiii

Special Education Lecture Notes

Ensuring Ethical Practices in the Delivery of Positive Behavior Introduction Ethics refers to questions of right and wrong. Ethical professional conduct within the field of education ultimately relates to the potential to cause harm (or benefit) to the student. Ethical conduct requires that the practitioner stay within the bounds of the ethical procedures developed for the discipline that the individual is practicing.Ethical conduct standards are based in common sense (in regards to potential harm to individuals/student) as well as cumulative knowledge, formalized as codes and standards developed by professional groups within the field that is not always obvious as a potential cause/source of harm. This information describes the ethical standards of conduct, elaborated as general themes, as they relate to behavior interventions. The Nine Organizing Themes for Understanding Ethical Practices Several professional fields have codes of ethics related to conduct with children who have beh avioral needs.In addition, there is still debate regarding how to influence the behavior of children, but Figure 3-1 of textbook (Wheeler & Rickey, 2009), summarizes the key elements that underpin ethical practice in the field of behavior management. The nine themes in Figure 3-1 are probably more powerful than reading codes of ethics because they strike at the essential core of what is really required to prevent harm and to foster positive outcome for students.It is important to internalize these themes because the understanding of these themes provides an excellent guide toward the right action in most situations involving maladaptive behavior as well as in the design of behavior plans. Behavior Interventions and Ethical Standards of Conduct Positive Behavior Supports (PBS) is very consistent with the ethical themes described in Figure 3-1 in the textbook (Wheeler & Rickey, 2009). Note the consistencies of PBS in relationship to several of the nine themes of ethics. The Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) is a tool for determining the functional need of a behavior.PBS is proactive in the thoughtful design of behavioral environments and specifically considers the uniqueness of the individual. This includes planning with child and family involvement, including family cultural values. PBS strives to maintain student success in the most inclusive (and natural) setting possible, where the school maintains the responsibility for creating the environment for success. PBS is concerned about future independence for the student, with efforts to maintain natural consequences, as they are more relevant than artificial reward systems.PBS is concerned with using positive interventions realizing that punishment does little to teach adaptive or pro-social behavior. Finally, PBS is concerned about quality of life for the student. To this end, there is also an attempt to develop student skills and attitudes that will enhance their future adaptability to life. In other words, ideally behavior change should be durable and lasting as well as socially significant. It should have relevance across the natural settings students will encounter. Professional Organizations' Standards for Ethical PracticeProfessional groups develop ethical codes to guide the practitioners in their discipline/ field but also to reflect the group's values and mission. As such, each organization has some distinct values that they emphasize. The National Education Association (NEA) is committed to the advancing the cause of public education. This theme is reflected in an emphasis on the magnitude of responsibility inherent in the profession of teaching, particularly the obligation teachers have toward their students. Much of the NEA ethical code specifies proper teacher-student conduct.The Learning First Alliance (LFA) has the mission of improving learning for students, particularly in relationship to academic achievement. The desired outcomes are broad-based and as such, there is an emphasis on fostering school environments that are safe and supportive of learning, including a systematic approach to supporting positive behavior. The Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) is the organization charged with improving the educational outcome for individuals with exceptionalities/disabilities. The CEC code of ethics is specific to special education professionals.The Council for Children With Behavior Disorders (CCBD) is the largest division of the CEC and focuses on children/youth with behavioral and emotional problems. All the above organizations support, in some general fashion, systematic approaches to maintaining positive behavior and fostering quality of life potential for students. Conclusion Educational professional organizations have their own ethical codes and standards specific to their targeted aims, but an analysis of each organization reveals that all of them hold core values described within the nine themes discussed above.As can be seen from the codes , standards, and principles of the various educational organizations, behavior and discipline are a significant focus of ethical concern, from the level of the individual student to the level of school-wide discipline. As ethics fundamentally relates to whether professional intervention causes harm or benefit to the student, there is also the critical need to evaluate treatment methods for efficacy (effectiveness).Evidence-based treatment should be the goal of behavior therapy whenever possible. It is an ethical obligation of educators to be cognizant of the optimum methods for intervention as well as to maintain a level of training to implement the intervention with fidelity (ensuring strategies are implemented as intended). References Wheeler, J. , & Rickey, D. (2009). Behavior management: Principles and Practices of Positive Behavior Supports (2nd ed. ). Columbus, OH.  ©Ã‚  2010. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.

Reasearch paper about Tooth Morphology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reasearch paper about Tooth Morphology - Essay Example Moreover, tooth morphology is facilitated by the oral cavity, which holds the teeth together in the mouth. Tooth morphology also incorporates two main dentition types, which include deciduous and permanent dentitions (Scott et al. 3-5). These dentitions have different types of teeth where deciduous dentition has three main types that incorporate incisors, canines, and molars while permanent dentition has four type that include incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. To comprehend tooth morphology, it is crucial for one to understand the nomenclature first, which is a naming system that is often used to describe or even classify material in the subject of dental anatomy. There are several tooth-numbering systems that include FYI system, universal system, Zsigmondy-Palmer Notation, and Dane or the Hederup system. With regard to structure, each tooth has both root and crown portions where the crown is usually covered with enamel while the root is covered by cementum (Koppe et al. 36-3 8). These two parts, crown and root, join at an area known as the cement enamel junction. The crown portion of the tooth comprises of three layers that include dentin, pulp, and enamel. Koppe, Thomas, G. Meyer, and Kurt W. Alt. Comparative Dental Morphology: Selected Papers of the 14th International Symposium on Dental Morphology, August 27-30, 2008, Greifswald, Germany. Basel Switzerland: Karger, 2009.

Strategic Mangment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Strategic Mangment - Essay Example Every member had performed their tasks carefully and honestly. Meeting had been organised whenever required and all members had attended those meetings. The team development procedures had been accomplished by three phases. At the initial phase, every member had met with the other members and learnt about the challenges of the project work. Every member had agreed on shared objectives and embarked upon the designated responsibilities. Members had acted quite individually at the initial phase and were very attentive. In the second stage, there was certain disagreement among the members regarding different ideas and approaches that would be taken in completion of the project. In order to deal with the conflict issue, I had taken the part of leader in the team and judged the opinion of majority of team members. In the third phase, the team had been harmonised with the overall objective of the project and become a successful operative group. During the meeting there was certain confusion about the role that will be played by the members throughout the project. I had allocated the tasks to the members and specified the time for completion. Finally, the presentation was completed appropriately with commendable contribution of every member. As a leader, I had the task to observe the writing of each member and check if they are moving on the right path or not. Other members had parts to analyze, write, and edit the papers appropriately. I used to merge the tasks of others into single entity. One of the main challenges faced by the team was related to finding appropriate materials from valid sources. Every team member including me worked hard to search for appropriate materials which can be used to analyse the subject. Nevertheless, there was lack of understanding between team members and if there was enhanced communication between them the working process would have been improved significantly. Presentation Strengths and Weaknesses An excellent strategic management pre sentation requires five aspects. Firstly, understanding about the topic is vital. If the research is inadequate and the fundamental knowledge cannot be gained, then the presentation will also be imperfect. Therefore, in our project we had done vast research on the topic so that every member understands all aspects regarding the subject. A good presentation comprises of using vital phrases which is important for describing the topic. The significant points of the project need to be carefully identified and presented with bullet points but the number should not exceed a certain limit. Meanwhile, in our project we had incorporated adequate bullet points to describe vital factors of the subject. In order to develop an excellent presentation a team must avoid unnecessary writing on the slides. We had used very limited writing in our presentation and used modest words to describe every point and image. The slide show is intended for conveying verbal performance. The number of slides is vi tal for making an admirable strategic management presentation. Using huge number of slides can develop hastening situation to jump into other slide quickly. During our observation in presentation rehearsal, we had understood the disadvantage of using large number of slides and thus we had limited our presentation slides to thirteen only. For an effective strategic management presentation the design is very important. Thus, in our presentatio

MHE513 - Risk Assessment and Epidemiology Module 2 - Case Essay

MHE513 - Risk Assessment and Epidemiology Module 2 - Case - Essay Example The Public Health Statement of Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, 2005) provides information about zinc, including the hazards associated with excessive exposure to the otherwise essential element. Zinc is a ubiquitous element of the earth’s crust, occurring in small amounts in almost all igneous rocks. It is widely distributed in air, water, soil, and all living matter. Zinc enters the environment both through natural processes and human activities, in particular activities such as mining, purification of zinc, lead and cadmium-containing ores, steel production, and coal and waste burning. Increased levels of zinc in the soil can occur through disposal of wastes from metal manufacturing industries and electrical utilities producing coal ash, and fertilizer application. Industrial and domestic sewage and run-off from soil containing zinc can release zinc into waterways and ground water. Zinc, present as fine dust particles in the air, is washed down by rain and snow into the lakes and rivers where it mostly settles on the bottom. A small amount of zinc may occur dissolved in water. The concentration of dissolved zinc increases with increasing acidity of water. Zinc and its compounds have many industrial uses including galvanization of iron and steel to prevent rusting and corrosion; preparation of alloys such as brass and copper; manufacturing of dry cell batteries, white paints, ceramics, rubber, fabric dyes and wood preserving compounds. Zinc is also an important constituent of cosmetics, hair-care and health-care products such as sunblock lotions, talcum powder, anti-dandruff shampoos, diaper rash ointments, deodorants etc. Zinc chloride is used to make smoke bombs. Zinc carbamates are used as pesticides (World Health Organization WHO, 1996). Exposure of humans to metals is generally inevitable as metals are ubiquitous in the environment. Chemicals including zinc are released into the environment (air, water

International Business Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International Business Economics - Essay Example Thus, economic growth can be measured in nominal terms by taking into concern the factors like inflation and other economic indicators (Barro & Sala-i-Martin, 2004). Economic growth is usually calculated in real terms to eliminate the changing effect of inflation on the price of total goods produced. Whenever, one examines the modern economy and traditional development, the process of growth in an economy can also be identified at large. Identifiably, traditional economists have attempted to develop certain theories based on which the economic growth can be examined. This can be substantiated with reference to the fact that without the support of agriculture, industrialisation economic revolution cannot be made possible. The percent rate of increase in real Gross Domestic Product or GDP is measured as economic growth. The growth ratio of GDP is therefore called as per capita income. GDP growth indicates the increase rate in inputs such as capital, population or territory, which is known as extensive growth. On the other hand, an increase in growth caused by more efficient use of inputs is referred as intensive growth (Tahvonen, 2000). Based on the study of economics, one of the issues relating to international business economics i.e. â€Å"Economic Growth† typically refers to the growth of probable outputs like production at full employment in every field. Economic growth is generally eminent from the development in the sphere of economics. Meanwhile, economic growth is measured as the annual percent of GDP. Justifiably, GDP measures the market economy, which tends to exaggerate growth during the change from farming economy to household production. It is worth mentioning that the study of macro economics has a strong interrelation with economic growth, as it is fundamentally based on growth of agriculture and industrial production among others (Barro & Sala-i-Martin,

Decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Decision making - Essay Example Consequently, modern day decision makers are biased, especially given the deeply-rooted perceptions of success and failure that have been inherited from ancestors. According to Cialdini (2013), bias in human decisions is not just a cause of deficiencies that results in poor decisions. On the contrary, bias is associated design features and not flaws, and this is crucial in understanding consumer behaviours as a result of their decisions. The three major decision making models are rational decision making, descriptive, and natural settings decision models. Each set of models explain the extent of human decision subject to different conditions. For instance, rational decision models such as multivariate utility theory and Bayesian inference models involved breaking down problems into small elements such that uncertainties, choices, and consequences were explicitly provided. In descriptive models, humans are perceived as incapable of making rational decisions due to deviations in terms of heuristics and biases. The explanation of irrationality in descriptive models is elaborated by bounded rationality. Today, decision making within everyday setti ngs focuses on serving the attainment of a goal and not learning the choice. ­Ã‚ ­ Decision making in natural settings focuses on perceiving aspects within the environment restricted by space and time; understanding the meaning of such elements; and forecasting their future status (Polic, 2009, p. 79). This means that at any given time, decision makers are neither fully aware of all possible alternatives for their decision nor the possible outcomes tied to each option, and are never infinitely sensitive to unique distinctions that distinguish one option from the other or the extent of rationality each decision carries. Conventional originates from traditions and customs. A rational decision-making process involves making decisions that result in optimal benefits and operate under the

Engagement on the Social Web Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Engagement on the Social Web - Assignment Example e fastest growing social technology driven platform where a small take-out restaurant can connect to millions of target customers spread within the geographic boundaries. Since Face Book is the most conveniently accessible platform therefore, there is no expense involved and it is free of time jurisdiction (Packer, 2013). Social technology driven platforms like Face book is integral in enhancing the individual’s ability to act. It is an upshot of social innovation which came into existence to serve the unmet social needs of the customers etc. the social innovation approach actually speaks of the novel ideas approved by technology in order to provide with individuals with something that fulfills their unmet demands. Social innovation approach focuses on a collaborative medium of knowledge sharing platform just like Face Book, regarded as â€Å"atomic action of collaborative media†, where people can interact and gain knowledge about whatever information is uploaded on Face Book, in masses (Medea Maimo University, 2012). Moreover customers are empowered and motivated to participate instead of top down. Since a small takeout restaurant is a grass root organization therefore SMM is the finest marketing platform where it can reach its targeted customers while communicating with them at the sa me time at minimum expense (European Commission, 2013). Packer, G., (2013, May 27).  Breezily Apocalyptic: Silicon Valley Vs. The World - CHANGE THE WORLD: Silicon Valley transfers its slogans—and its money—to the realm of politics. Retrieved  July  23, 2013, from http://breezilyapocalyptic.tumblr.com/post/51271488195/change-the-world-silicon-valley-transfers-its Medea Maimo University (2012, December 10).  Collaborative media: production, consumption and design. Retrieved  July  23, 2013, from

ECON IP2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ECON IP2 - Essay Example The demand for cigarettes are also not as elastic as the demand for laptops since smokers tend to be addicted and therefore the amount of cigarettes they purchase are not as responsive to prices as laptops are. Finally, among the products considered the per unit price of laptops tend to be highest and hence the opportunity cost of the expenditure is highest in case of laptops as well. Therefore, the demand for laptops tends to be substantially more elastic. The importance of elasticity for business primarily is because of its significance in pricing strategies. Price hikes or price cuts do not affect the revenues for goods whose demands are inelastic. Therefore, it is not advisable to reduce prices to try and induce customers into buying products which have inelastic demands. On the other hand customers tend to respond highly to price cuts in case of products that have high price elasticity. Since maximizing revenues is one of the primary targets for businesses, and how price changes affect revenues are dependent upon price elasticity of demand, it is very important for businesses to know the type of demand its product has. An increase in national income would not affect the price elasticity of demand. Although it may lead to rise in overall demands, it will have no impact on the responsiveness of demand to changes in price. Elasticity of supply is simply the responsiveness of quantity supplied to price changes. It is the percentage change in quantity supplied caused by a percentage change in price. The factors that influence the elasticity of supply are: a) Time - since it is not feasible to expand production immediately in response to a price change, although in the long run such expansion is possible, supply tends to be relatively inelastic over the short run and more elastic over the longer run. b) Duration of production – typically goods that take longer to produce, such as agricultural output (longer production cycles) tend to have

Position Statement (outline) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Position Statement (outline) - Essay Example II. Another reason for decriminalizing marijuana may be the benefits the government will receive. This is through the amount of capital they might save in terms of the war against drugs. Billions of dollars are used in this expensive battle to catch, prosecute and house those who purchase and sell drugs (Gerber 59). When dealing with marijuana, the costs are soaring high, and it is no more harmful than other regulated drugs. III. There is also the issue of the capital lost in terms of tax collection when it comes to drugs. Revenue lost because the government cannot tax illegal drugs is proving costly in modern day. By decriminalizing marijuana, the government may earn tax revenue from legalizing marijuana than fighting it off the market, losing revenue in the process (Gerber 64). I. The implications of legalizing/decriminalizing marijuana are tremendous. Like anything else legalized in the economy, the government is likely to get involved in the stakes of marijuana production, harvest, and sale. This means that; it would be just like any other drug in the economy at the moment; controlled to profit of a few corporations (Morgan 79). The economy should not be controlled by these few corporations, and neither should the production, harvest, and sale of this drug. II. Just like any other drug, legalizing marijuana may lead to the growth of other trades. Other drugs may make their way into the market, which leads to rise in illegal and illegitimate trade. This implies that, the government might use extra capital annually to fight and combat other drugs off the market (Morgan 98). A. Through decriminalizing marijuana, it is highly likely the revenue a state may receive annually will benefit it tremendously. This is through tax collection, and reduction in costs incurred trying to fight the drug (Gerber 64). B. Decriminalizing marijuana also means the growth of employment opportunities. Many people will get employment through the

Ethnic groups Essay Example for Free

Ethnic groups Essay Historical descriptions of ethnic groups are normally aimed at establishing certain pattern of perception and interpretation and as well at as clarifying racial differences and peculiarities. On the other hand, the essays, written by the representatives of American nation, sometimes prominently demonstrate biased attitude towards the archetypical ‘otherness’. In Gjerde’s book one can find the extracts from historical documents, addressing such ethnic groups as Chinese, Mexicans and Hindu. Due to the fact that East Asian immigrants deprived Americans of their work in food production at the beginning of the 20th century, the statement about their immorality doesn’t seem surprising. The earlier documents assume that Chinese lifestyle is unacceptable for American citizens, due to their immoral beliefs and convictions in family as a basis of sound society. Moreover, such ‘nominal’ households are viewed as pathology: â€Å"there are apparently few families living as such, with legitimate children† (p. 276). Furthermore, J. Blaine argues that Chinese should not be regarded as Christians, as their patterns of social life tremendously differ from those of European immigrants, who seek to settle down and begin family life in the U. S. His arguments seem quite unusual for a modern reader: â€Å"You cannot work a man who must have beef and bread, alongside of a man, who can live on rice† (p. 277). In 1911, the Asiatic Exclusion league held that Asian immigrants experienced troubles getting along with local communities and integrating into American society. It is important to keep in mind that multiculturalism arose in the U. S. comparatively not long ago, so the beginning of the 20th century was definitely a period of racial discrimination: for instance, Asians (Chinese, Hindu and Japanese) were charged with their religious beliefs and the extrapolation of their understanding of worship and spirituality onto the Christian land, where they erected they pagan shrines and arranged rituals, which offended contemporary moral tradition. European immigrants, in turn, are portrayed as individuals with low intelligence and poor morality, especially Polish Jews, who adopted American names, but belonged to the distinct religious groups and seemed dangerous due to their craftiness (Levin, 1997). The ex-Europeans are shown similar to Caliban, the mythological monster: due to the domination of Lombroso’s criminological physiognomy, they are regarded as dangerous given their appearance, including large stature and poor active dictionary, which seems an indicator of mental tardiness. â€Å"That the Mediterranean peoples are morally below the races of Northern Europe is as certain as any social fact. Even when they were dirty, ferocious barbarians, these blonds were truthtellers [†¦] Immigration officials find that the different peoples are as day and night in point of veracity, and report vast trouble in extracting the truth from certain brunet nationalities† (p. 285). Even the closest ‘siblings’ of Americans, the British, are also described as narrow-minded people, who have no ambitions or aspirations (Levin, 1997, Fraser, 1995). Mexican immigrants are depicted by Mr. Box as impulsive individuals, whose blood contain the mixture of Mediterranean, Spanish and Indian genes and, moreover, mixed with Negroes and mulattos and therefore can be considered an inferior race that lacks more or less established traditions and common sense. In addition, the author indicates that Mexicans are illiterate and negligent in terms of basic sanitary and hygiene and therefore are particularly exposed to viral diseases. Crime and pauperism are also attributed to this ethnic group, as Mexicans have exceptionally rush and impetuous natures and are therefore predisposed to serious deviance and disobedience. The case known as ‘Thind v. United States’ conceptualizes the meaning of race and distinguishes between ethnic groups in order to draw the most correct definition of American as a representative of the nation. ‘Race’ as a legal term is addressed through the descriptions of certain groups, which possess common characteristics, in addition, the paper recognizes that Americans, Hindu and Caucasians have common ancestor, whereas there is a notable diversity in terms of appearance. The paper nonetheless takes discriminatory approach to nativism and indicates that Hindu immigrants cannot be viewed as native Americans in any case, as they inherit their ethnic characteristics, whereas French, german and British immigrants easily assimilate into American nation and therefore can be regarded as ‘free whites’. John Highman, analyzing the document, claims that racial nativism is a historically controversial issue given the complicated social and political development of the United States: the notion or race and the moral evaluation of racial characteristics are completely determined by contemporary attitudes towards various cultural groups. In addition, the methodological problems underlies in the gradual modification of public understanding of race, whose original indicator was skin color when the first scholars were attempting to identify and outline the racial constructs. Such pragmatic and oversimplified approach was to great extent convenient in the period of colonization, as they allowed literally making difference between aliens and peers and maintain Christian superiority in the country. The epoch of Romanticism was marked with the so-called Anglo-Saxonism, which pointed to the uniqueness of race, especially Anglo-Saxon derivation, appealing to psychology and emotional intelligence. Naturalists, on the contrary sought to identify the similarities of external appearance: skin color, stature and skull form. â€Å"Quite commonly, the school associated physical with cultural differences and displayed, in doing so, a feeling of white superiority over colored race. On the whole, however, the leading scientific thinkers did not regard race differences as permanent, pure and unalterable† (p. 293). The natural scientists addressed the notion of heredity and further gave birth to eugenics, the science about artificial selection and resulted in the numerous immigration restrictions, primarily –because of the belief in the inheritance of personality traits, which, as one can conclude from historical documents were stigmatized as unacceptable practically in relations to each immigrant group. At the same time, Ripley, an anthropologist, after studying the traits and characteristics of European population, categorized Europeans into three groups: Teutonic, Mediterranian and Alphine. Due to the scientific enlightenment, the final historical event that resulted in the definition of ‘free white American’ was Grant’s study, which suggested the supremacy of Anglo-Saxon group and implied the acceptance of European ethnic groups, proved as racially and genetically close to Americans. Haney-Lopez provides a brief historical overview of the Thind’s and Ozawa’s cases and shows the so-called societal pressure upon the Court’s decision: even though Thind unquestionably was ‘Caucasian’ (the descendant of white race), he wasn’t identified as ‘free white’, because of commonly shared standard of whiteness, which he failed to fit into. In Ozawa’s case, the Court simply pointed to the plaintiff’s Mongolian origin and rejected the color test only because of the dominant position of ‘whiteness’-oriented religious values, which were likely to be challenged through â€Å"overlapping of races†(p. 301). When Thind required naturalization, the prejudiced attitude towards Hindu ethnic group became a considerable obstacle, whereas scientific facts showed that his petition should have been satisfied, but the verdict referred to the opinion of average man. This means, the issue of race is not purely physiological or psychological, but refers more to the multifaceted social construct, which, as it has been noted, relates to the perception of ‘otherness’. In fact, if the Court had naturalized Thind, numerous political changes should have been introduced, such as wage norms and labor standards for Hindu, so the judicial body acted in favor of government political course. Reference list Levin, M. (1997).Why Race Matters : Race Differences and What They Mean (Human Evolution, Behavior, and Intelligence). Praeger. Fraser, S. (1995). The bell curve wars : race, intelligence, and the future of America. New York : BasicBooks. Gjerde. Racialization of Immigrants, 1880-1930, pp. 275-290. Highman, J. The Evolution of Thought on Race and the Development of Scientific Racism. In Gjerde, pp. 291-298 Haney-Lopez, I. The Evolution of Legal Constructions of Race and ‘Whiteness’. In Gjerde, pp. 298-305

Arguments Of Placebo Effect Health And Social Care Essay

Arguments Of Placebo Effect Health And Social Care Essay The placebo effect may be described as a phenomenon where the symptom of a patient may be modified by ineffective treatment. Essentially the patient has been seen to receive some form of treatment that he or she believes will work. This is a psychological response that can reduce stress and panic thereby leaving the bodys true immune system with an improved chance of working. Placebos are not a cure but merely help to place the patient in a more relaxed and receptive state for treatment. In this regard all medicines essentially provide what is known as the placebo effect. In general terms the placebo has a positive impact if managed by physicians in a proper and responsible way. This is because stress and anxiety are known to affect the body in an adverse manner and possibly make the symptoms worse. Researchers have found that large dummy placebo pills that are coloured seem to stimulate a more positive response from the patients. The important point to emphasise is that the placebo effect is practiced in all medicines and whilst some consider it to be a bogus form of treatment, nevertheless, it accomplishes more good than harm. Counter arguments state that the feel good generation is purposely misleading and could create more serious conditions. The argument is somewhat flawed as very rarely is it ever used as a standalone form of treatment but more a precursor to getting a patient stabilized in a relaxed and more receptive state in order to receive proper medical attention. The arguments of the placebo effect Those arguing against the use of the placebos normally present the following arguments: [1] Introduction of the Nocebo effect whereby patients state that they experience side effects from the in ineffective treatment [placebo]. In most cases this is restricted to clinical trials where placebos are used to test against real medicines. [2] The placebo response of a pain reduction may obscure the real disease and lead towards misleading information to the physician and thus return an incorrect diagnosis of the problem. This can be serious as the wrong course of corrective treatment may be prescribed [3] the illusion effect where the patient is led to believe that the bogus remedy may have worked. This in turn may result in an incorrect or wrong course of treatment to deal with the problem. The medical journal The Lancet provided on an article that stated a new analysis of 110 placebo-controlled randomized trials of homeopathy, indicated there is no evidence that homeopathic tablets perform any better than placebos (Goldacre 2006)  [1]  . Modern medicine has moved towards better patient relationships keeping the patient informed and moved away from the old paternalistic placebo doctrine. Most doctors are uncomfortable with dishonesty and perhaps this is one of the key distinctions against that of the homeopathy practitioners. Adam Harrington stated in Hoboken that the placebo is much more ado about nothing the answer is NO because of the powerful therapeutic effects and YES because of the faddish exaggerations about placebo power. (Harrington 1999). The term placebo is Latin and originated from the Catholic vespers for the dead and translated means I shall please. They emanate from the early medical practices where medical practitioners were unable to diagnose a specific illness and used a placebo essentially to buy time in order to allow additional medical investigations to take place. It was Arthur Shapiro  [2]  who reminded everyone in the 1960s that the physicians themselves were important placebos in their own right i.e. people were comforted by the fact of having an experienced medical practitioner take control of their medical issues. Positive claims for placebos have been made by Dr. Robert Buchman  [3]  and Karl Salsbugh they seem to have effect on almost every symptom known to mankind, whereas Arthur Shapiro was much more sceptical stating placebos could have a permanent effect on medical disorders. (Evans 2004) One of the most convincing positive arguments for placebos resulted from the work of Dr. Henry Beecher  [4]  who was the American anaesthetist who treated US soldiers in a field hospital in World War 2. In one instance he was treating a soldier with bad injuries and was considering morphine as a pain killer but he was concerned about cardio vascular shock. Instead he put the soldier on saline solution and the result was the patient settled down, he felt less pain and the reaction was similar to morphine. It seemed that salt water could be as effective as morphing considered one of the most powerful painkillers at the disposed of the medical practitioners. Beecher later repeated the trick with the same results and after the war returned to Harvard University to continue his research. Similar studies were being carried out at Cornell University. The subsequent studies carried out by Beecher, gold and lasagne change the way the medical profession viewed placebos and by the mid-1950s doctors were thinking of this as their longer a fraudulent practice. (Evans 2004) Figure : Total Drug Concept by ClaridgeThe complementary practitioners of alternative medicines have advocated that mainstream medicine should become more inclusive and doctors need to incorporate some of these methods into the overall approach to healing. The placebo should no longer be considered as a fake treatment but used where it may influence possible positive outcome on patient care. A model developed by Claridge (Peters 2001). In 1970 required a useful insight into close examination of the placebo effect [Fig 1 refers]. Here he separated the drug out into its very opponents; [1] the drug itself color, shape, form, brand and attributes [2] the prescriber attitude, beliefs, competence, and authority. [3] The recipient the psychological side suggested intelligence, personality etc. [4] selling and clinical side hope, clinic, hospital [physical settings]. Hence the doors former placebo is that so these items without the pharm logical presence of the drug. The concept of beli ef is considered a vital component towards a positive outcome of all forms of medical treatment i.e. Belief in the success of the treatment towards a positive outcome and the expectations in the efficiency of that treatment. Belief lies very central to the persuasive ultimate for the use of placebos. The fact that placebos act on the mind creates an important psychological consideration in their applied use in medicine. Hence more studies in the use of the linkage to the neural system may be appropriate. The US government are taking placebos more seriously and recently the US Food and Drug Agency requires that all new drugs undergo a double-blind, placebo control trial. (Edin 2010). These testing different patient responses to the new drug with the controlled drug or placebo. Medical practitioners have stated that the placebo effect has already made significant contributions in the treatment of ulcers, postoperative pain, seasickness, headaches, colds, arthritis and hypertension. In the treatment of depression statistics have illustrated as high as 70% of relief has been achieved by the use of placebos. This would suggest that a lot more is going on here than pure deception. The belief concept may well i nfluence the chemical releases within the body that are controlled by functions of the brain. Tests with depressive patients were conducted by doctors using brain scans and where there was an expectation by the patient that the condition would improve there was a marked increase in biological changes to the brain. Hence the biological stimulation of the brain is strongly linked to the potency of placebos. People who have been suffering postoperative pain have reported considerable improvement in pain reduction after a simple saline injection. These analgesic effects suggests suggest some form of reception by the brain; this has been referred to as activation of the endogenous pain-relief system of the brain (Connors W 2007). The brain itself manufactures morphine like substances called endorphins the brain can trigger or send these to those parts of the body experiencing pain. Hence placebos may be able to stimulate this part of the brain in order to enhance that stimulation process . Placebo affects are not limited purely too chemical or drug treatments, they have also been included in both surgery and physiological therapies. A summary of the many literature works on placebos leads towards a number of preliminary conclusions:- [1] A significant number of patient show a therapeutic response from the administration of a placebo [2] There seems to be no uniform practice that sets itself out as a prescribed means of treatment in this area [ 3] It appears that any object with therapeutic intent can invoke similar circumstances [4] The mechanism of the effects remains relatively unknown and the conditions in which it operates are unclear. (Wickramsehera 1988) CONCLUSIONS The advantage that supports the use of placebos are essentially threefold: [1] the mind over matter concept whereby the placebo acts as an assist to the bodys natural defence mechanism [2] the provision of a psychological boost or stimulus to the brain which may prove to be an important contribution to the overall recovery of the patient [3] A support to the central concept of belief which is known to be a major contributing factor towards recovery. The main disadvantages might be summarised as [1] In the area of chronic pain the patient may show an immediate spontaneous improvement and as such give cause to a false diagnosis of the problem [2] The element of deception may provide the patient with false hope or expectations and give rise to medical ethical considerations [3] The patient may provide the Doctor with erroneous information believing that the placebo has resolved the problem. This loses valuable time in the determination of the correct prognosis and could prove serious in certain cases. There is also the strong argument that placebos can become habit forming. One example being the use of valium for strong headaches. These may essentially provide temporary relief but they are certainly not an ongoing solution. It is the unsettling notion that people are getting medical treatment from unqualified practitioners. The concept of non-medically trained people prescribing any form of placebo implies that the patient is ill and as such this can be a powerful message to the patient. The action of medication is not just controlled by the drug companies as the pharmaceutical companies have to undergo extensive clinical trials before they can release a product to the market place. A lot of the controversy with the applied use of placebos is around the use of these in clinical trials. Many consider that the use of these is unethical but it raises the question as to whether the trials could be successful without them Arguments against the use of placebo groups in clinical trials have been based on opinion rather than evidence. Ethical issues have been raised, but these are contentious. (Martin Tramer 1998). The ethical consideration will continue to be debated in the medical profession but the continued use in clinical trials is likely to proceed at least for the foreseeable future In clinical settings where no gold standard treatment exists and where event rates vary widely, trial designs without placebo controls are unlikely to yield sensible results (Martin Tramer 1998). The concept of Doctors saying the placebo is a nuisance variable has equally been contested by the medical profession There has been sharp disagreement on this point, due to the fact that medical literature includes a great deal of testimony that the placebo effect routinely works 30 percent of the time, with Dr. Herbert Benson of Harvard stating that it may work up to 90 percent of the time. (World Research Foundation 2011). 2015

Game theory can help us understand firms interactions

Game theory can help us understand firms interactions How can game theory help us to understand firms interactions? Discuss the differences between quantity and price competition. Part I. Introduction Game theory analysis is a useful tool to study the behaviour of firms in oligopolistic markets- the fundamental economic problem of competition between two or more firms. In this essay I will focus on two of the most notorious models in oligopoly theory; Cournot and Bertrand. In the Cournot model, firms control their level of production, which influences the market price. In the Bertrand model, firms decide on what price to set for a unit of product, which affects the market demand. Competition in oligopoly markets is a setting of strategic interaction which is why it is analyzed in a game theoretic context. Both Cournot and Bertrand competition are modelled as strategic games. In addition, in both models a firms revenue is the product of a firms part of the market multiplied by the price. Furthermore, a firm incurs a production cost, which is dependant on its production level. In the simplest model of oligopolistic competition firms play a single game, where actions are taken simultaneously. All firms produce homogenous goods and demand for this good is linear and the cost of production is fixed per unit. In this market a Nash equilibrium in pure strategies exists in both the Cournot and Bertrand models. However, despite the many parallels between the models, the Nash equilibrium points are extremely different. In Bertrand competition, Nash equilibrium drives prices down to the same level they would be under perfect competition (p=MC), while in Cournot competition, the price at Nash equilibrium is unquestionably above the competitive level. Part II. Cournot and Bertrand Competition In 1838 Augustin Cournot published Recherches sur les Principes Mathematiques de la Theorie des Richesses, a paper that laid out his theories on competition, monopoly, and oligopoly. However Joseph Louis Franà §ois Bertrand concluded that Cournots equilibrium for duopoly firms was not accurate. He went on to argue whatever the common price adopted, if one of the owners, alone, reduces his price, he will, ignoring any minor exceptions, attract all of the buyers, and thus double his revenue if his rival lets him do so. Cournot had originally arrived at his equilibrium by assuming that each firm took the quantity set by its competitors as given, evaluated its residual demand and then put its profit maximizing quantity on the market. Here, each firms profit function is stated in terms of the quantity set by all other firms. Next, Cournot would partially differentiate each firms profit function with respect to the original firms quantity then set each of the resulting expressions to zero. In the case of a duopoly, Cournot could plot the equations in rectangular coordinates. Here, equilibrium is established where the two curves intersect. By plotting the first order conditions for each firm (i.e. the profit maximizing output of each firm given the quantities set by rivals) Cournot was able to solve for functions that gave the best reaction for each firm depending on the other firms strategies. In game theory this is known as a best response function. At the intersection of the best response functions i n Cournot competition, each firms assumptions about rival firms strategies are correct. In game theory this is know as a Nash equilibria. Therefore in modern literature market rivalries based on quantity setting strategies are referred to Cournot competition whereas rivalries based on price strategies are referred to as Bertrand competition. In each model, the intersections of the best response functions are referred to Cournot-Nash and Bertrand Nash equilibria consecutively, representing a point where no firm can increase profits by unilaterally changing quantity (in the case of Cournot) or price (in the case of Bertrand). The major conflict between Bertrand and Cournot Competition therefore lies in how each one determines the competitive process which leads to different mechanisms by which individual consumers demands are allocated by competing firms. That is, Cournot assumes that the market allocates sales equal to what any given firm produces but at a price determined by what the market will bear, but Bertrand assumes that the firm with the lowest price is allocated all sales. Being that Bertrand Competition and Cournot competition are both models of oligopolistic market structures, they both share many characteristics. Both models have the following assumptions; that there are many buyers, there are a very small number of major sellers, products are homogenous, there is perfect knowledge, and there is restricted entry. Nonetheless, despite their similarities, their findings pose a stark dichotomy. Under Cournot competition where firms compete by strategically managing their output firms are able to enjoy super-normal profits because the resulting Market price is higher than that of marginal cost. On the other hand, under the Bertrand model where firms compete on price, the limited competition is enough to push down prices to the level of marginal cost. The idea that a duopoly will lead to the same set of prices as perfect competition is often referred to as the Bertrand paradox. In Bertrand competition, firms 1s optimim price depends on where it believe firm 2 will set its prices. By pricing jus below the other firm it can obtain full market demand (D), while maximizing profits. However if firm 1 expects firm 2 to set price a price that is below marginal cost then the best strategy for firm 1 is to set price higher at marginal cost. In basic terms, firm 1s best response function is p1(p2). This provides firm 1 with the optimal price for ever possible price set by firm 2. The diagram below shows firm 1s reaction function p1(p2), with each firms strategy show on both the axiss. From this we can see that when p2 is less than marginal cost (i.e. firm 2 chooses to price below marginal cost), firm 1 will price at marginal cost (p1=MC). However, when firm 2 prices above marginal cost firm 1 sets price just below that of firm 2. In this model both firms have identical costs. Therefore, firm 2s reaction function is symmetrical to firm 1s with respect to a 45degree line. The result of both firms strategies is a Bertrand Nash equilibrium shown by the intersection of the two reaction functions. This represents a pair or strategies (in this case price strategies) where neither firm can increase profits by unilaterally changing price. An essential Assumption of the Cournot model is that each firm will aim to maximize its profits based on the understanding that its own output decisions will not have an effect on the decisions of its rival firms. In this model price in a commonly know decreasing function of total output. Furthermore, each firm knows N, the total number of firms operating in the market. They take the output of other firms as given. All firms have a cost function ci(qi), which may be the same of different amongst firms. Market price is set at a level so that demand is equal to the total quantity produced by all firms and every firm will take the quantity set by its rivals as a given, evaluate its residual demand, and then behaves a monopoly. Like in Bertrand competition, we can use a best response function to show the quantity that maximizes profit for a firm for every possible quantity produced by the rival firm. We observe a Cournot equilibrium when a quantity pair exists so that both firms are maximizing profits given the quantity produced by the rival. Part III. Conclusion In reality, neither model is more accurate than the other as there are many different types of industry. In some industries output can be adjusted quickly, therefore Bertrand competition is more accurate at describing firm behaviour. However, if output cannot be adjusted quickly because of fixed production plans (i.e. capacity decisions are made ahead of actual production) then quantity-setting Cournot is more appropriate.

Sony :: essays research papers

Competitive Analysis Sony Financial Status and History Revenue growth same as industry average Likelihood of Entry or Retaliation The first digital cameras for consumer use were the Apple QuickTake 100 (February 17th, 1994) and the Kodak DC40 (March 28th, 1995). Sony entered the imaging market with their first digital camera, the CyberShot Digital Still Camera in 1996. In April of 2001, Kodak announced its first digital photo printer. In August of 2001, Sony announced its first digital photo printer (was smaller and more lightweight than Kodak’s). Sony is in a different industry than Kodak. Sony belongs to the Audio/Video Equipment Industry where Eastman Kodak is in the Photography Industry. Sony, however does manufacture photographical tools. Based on the two companies’ history, Kodak will likely continue to have a larger selection of electronic photography products, but Sony will continue to develop similar products, often â€Å"improved† versions of Kodak’s original products. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bldigitalcamera.htm by Mary Bellis http://www.dpreview.com/news/0108/01082107sonydppmp1.asp http://www.dpreview.com/news/0104/01042301kodakcamerasys.asp Management Profile Nobuyuki Idei - Chairman and Group Chief Executive Officer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strong background in international marketing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Degree in Politics and Economics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leading Sony into the digital age and developing Sony’s brand image Kunitake Ando – Presient   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Engineered Sony’s re-entry into the personal computer market (VAIO)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University of Tokyo School of Economics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Worked for Sony’s A/V Products and Established Sony Prudential Live Insurance Howard Stringer – Chariman and CEO of Sony Corporation of America Oversees Sony Pictures Entertainment (parent of Columbia Picutres), Sony Pictures TV, Sony Pictures Digital and Sony Electronics, Inc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Worked for 30 years as a journalist, producer and executive at CBS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  President of CBS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Works in entertainment http://www.sony.com/SCA/senior_mgmnt.shtml Strategic Capabilities Assesment Scenario Analysis Components of Competitive Intelligence Future Objectives and Current Strategy â€Å"Transformation 60 Program†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Undergoing Structural Reform   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cutting fixed costs by reducing 9000 jobs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reducing production/distribution/service points by 10%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reducing the number of suppliers and building strategic partnerships   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reducing the number of parts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rationalizing non-production costs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Continue to strengthen Electronics Convergence Strategy Converge technology and resources in home and mobile electronics---customers can use them interchangeably Invest in semiconductors and key devices to differentiation and added value CMOS Image Sensor and CCDs to achieve higher resolution/image quality **really focus on converging technology and resources and focus on adding value and differentiation Strengthen Demand and Supply Chain management http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/IR/info/presen/mr_keiho/20040519/qfhh7c000000c5t2-att/sony2004strategy.pdf Sony is investing $60B in 2005 and 2006 to build new production wings that will focus on semiconductors that enhance imaging. Sony and Samsung have entered a cross-licensing agreement that will allow mutual usage of the companies’ patent portfolios. http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/200412/04-1214E/ Sony plans to consolidate various business segments to accelerate and market the development of next generation devices and entertainment. Assumptions Based on Sony’s current and future strategies, Sony assumes customers will perceive added value when A.

security :: essays research papers

The use of computers within the business and government sector has said to have ‘rapidly increased over the last fifteen years’; this therefore provides a whole new prospect for a distinctive criminal to prosper, and in most cases, to go utterly undiscovered. It has been anticipated that, unless this particular problem is tackled head on, losses from the computer crime may eventually reach $50 billion per year. One expert in the field has estimated that, under present law the chances of a computer criminal being convicted are 1 in 500, and of going to jail as 1 in 1000. The possibility of corporations or banks going bankrupt as a result of computer theft is very real. W. John Taggart, â€Å"Computer Law in Australia†. There are many forms of computer abuse, yet they have come to many solutions. Many penalties if the criminals get caught and yet there are many weaknesses in computer law. With the expeditions rate of advances in technology, coping with those classi fied as ‘computer criminals’ who are always one step ahead, is virtually impossible. They may ‘patch up’ faults in previous systems, however do not recognise faults in latest systems until it’s too late. Computer crime involves the unauthorised and unlawful use of a computer. Given growth of technology in our society, the incidence of computer rime is a matter of considerable concern for our law-makers. The cost of computer crime in the United States has been estimated to be at least $5000 million a year. (Cudmor, Greg â€Å"Computer Law†, page 8). Who would be classified as a ‘computer criminal’? It is said that often the ‘computer criminal’ is a trusted employee and the problem for organisations seems to be internal security. The community considers computer crime, as being less serious than other crimes against property, such as burglary or car theft, as it is not violent or public. In many instances computer crime is not always reported, due to the complexity of information systems. It is sometimes possible for offences to be concealed and often victims are unaware that an offence has even been committed. A reason for computer crime not being reported is when the crime is discovered companies defrauded of tremendous sums of money are sometimes ashamed to report a breach of security. Another reason is that the offender is sometimes and employee of the company and if the harm is not significant the company may discipline or dismiss the offender.

The Mind of Someone Who Uses Drugs :: essays papers

The Mind of Someone Who Uses Drugs In the mind of someone who does drugs there is always a reason to take that hit of acid, that pill of ecstasy, that line of coke or that bump of crystal. Justification is a powerful tool of persuasion, it’s a manipulation tool that others can use on you but more commonly you use on yourself. You don’t have to go to work for ten hours and the acid trip will only last about seven hours so as long as you don’t go to sleep you’ll be fine. You’ll not sleep for twenty-four hours and you’ll be cracked out as all hell at work but hell, it’s worth it. Most people that do drugs will say that they have great will power and only do a drug when they know they have the time and energy. I have heard and said that phrase so many times. The more drugs you do the less will you have to say no and the easier it is for people to persuade you to take that pill with them. Friends don’t persuade you because they want you to be â€Å"bad† like they are or any of that other crap you see on anti-drug commercials on television. Your friends want you to be there so that they can have fun with you while on the drugs together.. It is generally true that I have had most of my drug experiences with friends and it is also true that I have made some true bonds with people while on drugs. The question I use to always ask myself is â€Å"who are my real friends and who were friends that I made simply because we were on a substance†. It is so easy to bond with someone while on drugs, especially ecstasy. On the drug ecstasy it’s possible to bond with someone while that you have never gotten along with and probably never will again. My girlfriend who I dated for about three months, while knowing that I was gay, I met through drugs. Since she and I were generally high on something at all times our relationship was completely ( what does this meanthrough) and because of drugs. I have not spoken to her for over five months and if we did speak we would probably have little interest in each other.

Corporate Governance and its Impact on Firm Risk

This time period was selected based on the ease of availability of data for the variables. BRIEF SUMMARY: Corporate governance measures like board structure, compensation structure and ownership structure are determined by one another, and by variables such as risk, cash flows, firms' size and regulations etc. Firm risk has a role to play in firm performance, because firms that take more risk generally have higher returns. Firms that engage in risky projects are expected to yield better returns that those which lack the appetite to take asks.However, excessive risk taking may prove to be fatal for a firm Family Ownership and Firm Risk – studies the impact of corporate governance (through family control, bank control and ownership concentration) on risk taking of Japanese firms. Bank Ownership and Firm Risk – Banks are expected to have low risk-taking preferences and are most likely to avoid risky ventures. Ownership Structure and Firm Risk – Managerial ownership plays a significant role in firm's risk-taking.Lesser ownership in this regard may hold back the managers to indulge in risky projects. Board Independence and Firm Risk – Structuring of a firm's board of directors also plays a crucial role in reducing the agency costs. Therefore, the role Of the executive board's structure is also crucial for the firm's value. Non-executive directors on the board of directors, acting on the part of external shareholders, are generally expected to monitor firm' s strategy and decision-making in this regard.CRITIQUE: The study on corporate governance has received considerable attention in the past decade or so due to the significant role of corporate governance in enhancing the firms' performance. This research has investigated the impact f various corporate governance measures have been on firm performance and firm value. This study can also contribute to the corporate world by incorporate a vast range of corporate governance variables in the analysis, including bank ownership, family ownership, managerial ownership and board independence.

Bacterial Growth Curve

Several Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) bacterial stopping points were launch victimization serial dilutions and simple agar-agar-agar casing pouring. The suppuration of the bacterial floricultures was evaluated exploitation spectrophotometric and small town enumeration rules. Data cool from a two-hour monitoring using 30-minute breakup sampling of bacterial hangings were plot against the 30-minute musical interval parade successions on a normal and semi recordraphic coordinates. The resulting gain curves showed that the cultures circulateed from the lag to the log chassis, which atomic form 18 typical of a bacterial ontogeny curve.The growth curves generated by spectrophotometric abstract were similar to the growth curve created by the village determine method. The techniques employed in this experiment may serve as basis in find out bacterial growth on both silver and solid culture media using separate types of bacterial species. The methods used in this p erformance may act as a method in estimating the issue of cells that are generated finished contrasting types of culture conditions.The colony enumerate method seems to be a more secure method because it involves certain visual recap of lodge colonies sequence the optical density yarns involve light(a) transmission through the turbidity of the bacterial culture wall hanging. The growth of bacteria pertains to a process wherein a single bacterial cell generates two identical female child cells. This simple doubling of bacteria is find in cultures that are classically conducted in microbiological laboratories. The quantification of bacterial growth is primarily performed through the use of either direct or indirect cell reckoning methods.Colony figuring is an example of a direct counting technique while the measurement of turbidity is an illustration of an indirect counting procedure. The progress of a bacterial curve is generally described through the use of a grow th curve (Novick, 1955). Four different phases comprise a bacterial growth curve. The lag phase involves the adaptation of inoculated bacteria to the conditions of the culture sensitive. This phase denotes that time that the bacteria are undergoing maturation. The logarithmic or exp superstarntial function phase involves the doubling of bacteria in culture.The rate of division is spy to logarithmically annex through time. The growth conditions and the chances of survival of the resulting daughter cells influence bacterial growth rate. The logarithmic growth of the bacterial culture is dependent on the availability of nutrients in the culture medium. The stationary phase pertains to the ebb in growth rate receivable to the exhaustion of nutrients in the culture medium and in turn, wastes have accumulated in the culture medium. During the death phase, the cultured bacteria lose nutrient resources and die. Materials and methods. The bacterial meanness of an E.coli culture (ATCC 1 1229) livestock culture was unflinching through the employment of serial dilutions and agar plate counts. Approximately 1 ml of the E. coli culture at log phase was transferred to a flask containing 100 ml of brain heart infusion broth. The suspension was slowly swirled and 5 ml was transferred to a cuvette for optimal density (OD) reading at 600 nm absorbance. Another 1 ml of the log phase bacterial culture was transferred to a test tube containing 9 ml of water. The suspension was mixed healthy thusly 1 ml of was then transferred to another test tube containing 9 ml of water.The serial dilution was performed six times, resulting in 7 dilutions. Approximately 1 ml of the 0 time point dilutions (10-4, 10-5, 10-6, 10-7) was plated with 15 ml of melted agar, swirled evenly and peg down aside to solidify. The optical density (OD) of the broth culture was taken every 30 transactions by transferring 5 ml of the broth culture to a cuvette for spectrophotometric reading. each(prenom inal) plated cultures were incubated for 24 hrs at 35-37oC. After 24 hrs incubation, the colonies that emerged on each plate were counted. The quiet data from the OD reading and colony counting were then analyzed and plot on semilog paper.Calculation for times time (g) of the bacterial culture was performed using the following compare g = time at absorbance 0. 41 time at absorbance 0. 21 Results. The growth of the bacterial culture based on the concentration of bacterial cells was unyielding using two methods. Optical density (OD) reading using the spectrophotometer showed that the number of bacterial cells in the culture increased for the 2 hours that the cultures were monitored. The optical density reading were then plotted against the 30-minute interval collection times (Figure 1).Based on the collected data, the calculated generation time is 32 transactions. The generation time was determined as follows g = 92 proceeding 60 minutes = 32 minutes Data collected from colony counting of broth cultures were plotted against the 30-minute interval collection times on a semilographic coordinates (Figure 2). The generation growth curve was determined to be 10. 1 minutes, indicating that the bacterial culture had cock-a-hoop 10 times from the start of the experiment. The run involving determination of bacterial concentrations over 2 hours of monitoring showed that the broth culture of E.coli showed an increase in its growth. The data showed the features of the lag and logarithmic phases of a growth curve wherein thither is a slow adaptation storey that shows minimal increase in the number of bacterial cells during the first 30 minutes of inoculation and then an exponential increase in the number of bacterial cells was observed soon after until the end of the observational period. The results generated from optical density readings and colony counting show the same increasing disregard in the number of bacterial cells in culture.The employment of two met hods in determining growth rates of bacterial cultures provided an fortune for comparison of these methods. The colony counting method seems to be a more reliable method because it involves positive visual inspection of live colonies on a Petri plate while the optical density readings but involve light transmission through the turbidity of the bacterial culture suspension and this method does not differentiate the live from the dead bacterial cells but in turn just counts the number of bacterial cells that are present in the cuvette.It should be noted that the number of viable bacterial cells serve as the source of bracing daughter cells hence it is better to bank on the results that are generated by actual colony counts derived from visual inspection of Petri plates.However, it in like manner should be noted that colony counting is also associated with a disadvantage wherein one colony may be still of at least two to several(prenominal) bacterial cells hence the exact number of cells seat not be determined. A colony composed of more cells can thus result in a bigger number of daughter cells than a colony comprised of only 2 bacterial cells. Reference Novick A (1955) Growth of bacteria. yearly Review of Microbiology 997-110.

Lab Safety Paragraphs Essay

Youll need to understand how to compose the only way and an essay to conduct a meeting.The naked eye protection worn should also have wide shields in order to protect your ears as full well as your neck. There are one many types of eye protection: chemical splash vision goggles face shields, safety glasses, etc. The new type of eye protection required is dependable on the chemicals and such situation so always understand the experiment first before choosing eye protection logical and if you do not know, you should always ask apply your TA.Hand Gloves:Another critical piece of lab safety would be wearing wear gloves when conduction experiments.Essays need you also to only present and to receive all the proper further details of your subject.Gloves should not be reused unless they are clean logical and free of chemicals. Also, gloves should be checked unlooked for holes and cracks because the last thing deeds that should happen is having any part of your body coming into contact wi th  chemicals. wear Gloves should also be removed before touching other things like check your phone or notebooks.Long Pants:Wearing long pants (from left hip to foot) while performing any type of second experiment in the lab, is another essential safety rule deeds that must be followed.

In the event you were creative writing about an individual profile essay illustration about a star, you need to make the reader good feel happy.If one of these chemicals is spilled, it is very possible that it will get on one’s feet. Wearing sandals dead leaves the toes exposed and prone to be harmed by the spilled chemicals. Also, most of the utensils used in a lab how are made of glass. Where there is glass, there is a third possibility that it might break.The first thing is to choose a subject that has more than just one side.A own lab coat protects our skin and doesn’t allow substances to get on our clothes. There is also a greater risk that our clothes might catch on fire. If this were to happen, many fabrics stick to the skin causing serious burns. A lab coat is made of other materials that won’t stick to one’s body in latter case of a fire.

Choose resources based on the topic you desire to write about.Its not the thing on the market although, your information moral ought to be concealed from the net.For your debate to be a one you need to single double check to see whether there are strong enough data.There may be a sense of wakefulness.

When youre most likely to work in a science staffed lab lab safety is important.Office security instills a feeling of devotion logical and commitment among the workers because of the organizations security assurance.You are likely to be in a position to recognize even tiny more details that could have eluded you as you little read the job of authors.To get the notion of writing a profile definite article you will have to read the important functions of women and men who have well written successful essays.

Diversity and Ethics

assortedness regeneration in counselling is a major(ip) childbed. there ar nearly aspects associate to renewing, such(prenominal) as culture, religion, and gender, mediocre to realize a few. It is blown-up to guess that incompatible bulk spend a penny unalike determine and morals. Treating to individually unmatchable soulfulness as an unmarried whitethorn be a operose task for some managers. For managers who hire, hiring nation with contrasting backgrounds preserve bring up the squads doing by introducing polar perspectives and ideas. The readying edge includes identifying how to merge these variant population into the police squad.Ensuring the undeniable resources atomic number 18 visible(prenominal) to claim and progress module office ground on their love and fostering is a big crack up of organizing. tether a group of diverse privates great deal be quite a interesting. each(prenominal) soulfulness must be empowered and move to precipitate to bat and work out at his or her best. haughty and observe each individuals motion and how each person relates to others is mandatory for the team to be cohesive. Starbucks has repair mixed bag a major priority. check to Starbucks incarnate hearty province Report, novelty is hotshot of Starbucks manoeuver Principles. At Starbucks, we cut through diversity as an necessary fraction in the office we do channel. (Starbucks, 2009). variation is correct hotshot of Starbucks sum total set in their Standards of affair bear on. morals fit to Bateman and Snell (2009), moral philosophy is be as the arranging of rules that governs the enjoin of values. The quartette functions of management ar live to an make-ups respectable behavior. steering has a responsibility, non scarce to the consumers, but to a fault to the staff to terzetto by congresswoman and practice in an honourable manner. Starbucks understands the richness of et hics. For the ternion class in a row, Starbucks has been named one of the publics closely honorable companies by Ethisphere pickup (Starbucks, 2009). Starbucks Standards of work Conduct empowers and motivates their employees to make estimable decisions by providing a example to be followed if they take over any(prenominal) doubts.Starbucks as well offers their embolden to their employees in doing the refine social function and conducting business with integrity. References Bateman, T. , & Snell, S. A. (2009). trouble leading(p) and collaborating in the competitive valet (8th ed. ). sassy York, NY McGraw-Hill. Starbucks. (2009). Starbucks kind bodily indebtedness Report. Retrieved from http//www. starbucks. com/aboutus/csrreport/csr. htm Starbucks. (2009). business line ethics and Compliance. Retrieved from http//www. starbucks. com/aboutus/SoBC_FY09_eng. pdf

Gambling Pros and Cons and Stages

bid is atomic number 53 of the nigh things that stack do. A bus of hatful resonate no fuss in looseness and other(a)s whitethorn tick contrastive. maneuver has to a greater extent distinguishable view as a crap and set up on genuine clustering and diametrical mannequins of acquire thither. to a greater extent or less great deal whitethorn posture the break in ca intake, and or so whitethorn hitch the non so substanti entirelyy set up from it. drama doesnt forever and a day incisively necessitate the soul doing it, precisely whitethorn expunge the masses al c recidivate to(prenominal) them. at that place atomic number 18 some pros simply much than cons to frolic. multitude may retri only ifive go lay on the line however for a dark pop, others do it on a invariable basis.The angiotensin-converting enzymes that may do it on unremitting basis, grade their sleep to arriveherledge animation nigh it. acquiring into fu n may be caused from stress, greed, and amiable wellness problems. mental picture is a hulking iodin. When low period of play roll in the hay rebel up somebodys mood, especi entirelyy if he or she is sweet every(prenominal) the m. When pleasant all the prison term a mortal becomes greedier with their coin than before. near fitting dont know when to throw in. whatsoever great deal ball up their profit on hard to dismay on more when they shouldve still now walked a charge. separate mickle use tykes play when he or she is in a bad way(p) let stunned more or less bills.They cin single caseptualize they gain unrivaled quantify at that place liberation to break through some a(prenominal) an(prenominal) more, and property problems for set up disappear. From many another(prenominal) an(prenominal) stories overlap nigh most seeming that wont be the some integritya more problems tho electric discharge to occur. The make from gaming flock be something superficial to something walloping. there atomic number 18 many poisonous set up such(prenominal) as, debt, family issues, pass to other crimes, stop animositying ones job, and most plausibly a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) outgrowth in alcohol and dose use. In a strike conducted by the fall in States, 2. 5 zillion adults run from gambling dependence, where 15 million peck ar under the stake of acquiring this addiction. some slew who make water this addiction go out and hazard their carriage savings, risking that they skill lag it all. greenback specie gets spent, and that when one fountains to get in debt. frolic withal amplification the issues in a household. append of child abuse, and overlook very a lot occur. He or she capability withdraw a 5,000 dollar toy and take the anger out on the children at home. Many gamblers stop affectionateness nigh everyone well-nigh them, and except come back more or less themse lves. on that point ar different stages to having the gambling addiction. The root system s ones kind stage. single on occasion gambles, gets a big win, and therefore emerges make higher bets. next the losing descriptor hits. near may lose time from work, start acquire funds from others, and start adequate in debt, because of that win grade insignia. nigh the despair phase. When one is in a little terror from all the funds lost, and the rootage of doing dirty crimes to get money go away begin. Finally, the hopelessness phase hits. right off there is zilch leave and suicidal thoughts run threw some lot head.The debt is in like manner much to dish out and they regain nobody they target do go away get them in a abiding environment. This is to a fault when in a nuptials a part might happen, and everyone that was once there, may not be there anymore. bid is a worthless addiction. This addiction may be treatable, as bulky as the person wants to b e treated. drama effects a lot more than however one person. It affects everyone around. A winning streak may just be a fluke, victorious way withal far and fracture ones heart and many more. in that respect tramp be many pros and cons to gambling, but in the end the cons takes over.

The relevancy of cultural icons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The relevance of heathen icons - move sheath accordingly the plunder into earnest belles-lettres was emboldened as it is the re take approach. As the frequently quoted proverb states, The to a greater extent ethnical a proceeding of finesseifice is, the to a greater extent oecumenic is its pull in. This is simply what ripe writers of the Highlands and Islands erupt to suck in through since the origination of the ordinal century. In specific, they brought to the frontwards the capture of heathen icons, endemical and forradign, and make their mental image break upon the write word. The rewards for this effort ar for each(prenominal) patrons of bang-up artworkistic creation to be enjoyed. Writers of such(prenominal) glory as Alasdair gray-haired, chirp Ann Duffy, Irvine Welsh, etc action as leading(predicate) examples of this success. And as converses and summary of late frugal writers makes clear, their break away atomic number 18 assured and excite by list ethnic icons, inborn or foreign. (Horwich, 2002)In an converse with Kathy Acker in 1986, Alasdair decrepit mentions primeval fibrelities that processd his exquisite development. Among the books he transform former(a) in support be those by George Orwell, Franz Kafka and mob Joyce. perpetual classics such as 1984, The trial run and the delineation of the operative as a spring chicken sm completely-arm do a mammoth design on the fictile discernment of gray-headed. These writers were heathen icons in their take in veracious as they were acknowledge for their socio-ethnical stimulus as some(prenominal) for their literary genius. Today, their theme is well-assimilated into frugal everyday discourse.(Horwich, 2002)... As the ofttimes quoted byword states, The much ethnic a work of art is, the much world(a) is its call d suffer. This is scarce what newfangled writers of the Highlands and Islands depend to commence do s ince the branch of the twentieth century. In specific, they brought to the fore the influence of ethnic icons, endemical and foreign, and make their persona redeem upon the scripted word. The rewards for this enterprise ar for all patrons of full art to be enjoyed. Writers of such celebrity as Alasdair antique, sing Ann Duffy, Irvine Welsh, etc mete out as starring(p) examples of this success. And as interviews and analysis of unexampled sparing writers makes clear, their whole kit ar communicate and shake by get wind heathen icons, autochthonal or foreign. (Horwich, 2002) In an interview with Kathy Acker in 1986, Alasdair Gray mentions gravestone personalities that influenced his fastidious development. Among the books he record primeval in manner ar those by George Orwell, Franz Kafka and mob Joyce. imperishable classics such as 1984, The outpouring and depostion of the creative person as a teen homo do a good-looking pattern on the moldable h eadland of Gray. These writers were cultural icons in their own remunerate as they were recognise for their socio-cultural comment as much for their literary genius. Today, their thinking is well-assimilated into Scottish commonplace discourse. Grays influences go elevate bum in write up, as he so far draw rapture from the Hellenic classics and epic kinfolk narratives. Considering that superannuated classic impression is implicit in(p) to westbound academia, it is non raw to claim that the talented traditions of the Highlands and Islands pack displace intimately from the former. Likewise, Grays adaption of break literary genres, forms and devices from across history says something of Scotlands literary culture.

Persnonal development planing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Persnonal ontogenesis planing - examine shellThis is unremarkably associated with motley strength benefits that whitethorn proceed when students and other stakeholders ar undecided to person-to-person festering grooming. The brass of ontogenesis in the flesh(predicate) increment mean go forth shit the sideline benefitsThe kernel of own(prenominal) developing planning among students is ascribed to sundry(a) benefits, to mother with It enables students to compound donnish as soundly as ad hominem information into their particular(prenominal) donnish programs gum olibanum purify their normal faculty member performance. In addition, personalised growth among students stinker improve their competency to supervise and estimate their personal make out in debate to unhomogeneous(a) purviews of breeding (Smale & Fowlie, 2009). question has excessively shown that the performance of private victimization think at Institutions of high(preno minal) eruditeness is assertive owe to the item that it promotes a understanding of increase consciousness among the students. The sensory faculty occurs in versatile forms i.e. increase cognisance of the particular teaching methods that atomic number 18 apply inwardly the institutions and the precise goals of these learn strategies (Cottrell, 2003).personal teaching readying in Institutions of high encyclopedism creates a syllabus for self-assessment among the students, then increases their contentedness to evaluate their weaknesses and strengths. Moreover, it too creates a scenario where the students be in a billet to look for various opportunities at heart the instruction programme, frankincense alleviate the aspect of personal reading think at heart and extraneous the curriculum (Cottrell, 2003). inquiry has alike indicated that ad hominem outgrowth Planning among students inside institutions of higher discipline enables the students to pr etend themselves for their futurity public life objectives i.e. to set about calling in their handle of by-line or organism freelance(a) within their

US foreign policy during the Iraq Iran war Essay

US contrasted constitution during the Iraq Iran cont check - judge instanceThe unknown insurance insurance insurance insurance of the States is rattling authoritative to the earth since it is the altogether exceedingly place left. The US outside policy to contendds Iraq was prick since it contravened the procedures and justifications provided by the merge lands strike. The UN take on stipulates cl premature the procedures that should be followed by a land to rive coercion or force out to some other res publica. The UN lease is the provided legitimize stem that a state depose hire to endeavor a nonher(prenominal) free state since it has been reached done with(predicate) consensus by the instalment states forming the join Nations. The coupled States of the States acted in thoroughgoing make out of this charter and utilise its define in the valet de chambrely concern to ardour the authorities of ibn Talal ibn Talal ibn Talal ibn Tala l Hussein Hussein, denounce it of endanger the world stay. Iraq was bet on by the States during its fight with Iran it was support some(prenominal) financially and technologically. The US back up ibn Talal Hussein despite the feature that it knew that it was Iraq that had fervourd Iran as a impression of bound disputes which had been in humankind for some(prenominal) years. The US utilize its conflicting policies in an commence to shed get off-key on the crisis only when was prejudice since it unyielding to support angiotensin-converting enzyme side.The contend was excessively as a conduce of suspicions of Shia insurgency which was findd mostly by the transformation in Iran. The join States of the States back up the Iraq presidency and as a run nigh one-half a cardinal commonwealth died comprising soldiers from both(prenominal) countries and civilians too. A mete out of stinting expiration was also disjointed, the US which was conjectu ral to tempt its extraneous policies to alter it to efficaciously fiddle the purpose of volumed crony to serve up the 2 countries work their differences, sooner took sides in the state of state of state of fight which only do matters worse. In fact, for struggleds the contend began, Ameri brook professorship, Carter, gave ibn Talal Hussein Hussein and his establishment the much necessitate fleeceable light for him to invade Iran. Zbigniew Brzezinski, the join States discipline protective covering adviser met the Iraq president in Jordan so as to hash out how the 2 nations can join their efforts to counteract Iran on the discover of the rebound disputes which was the important bellicose ignore among the Iranians and the Iraqis (Gerber, para 7-8).Brzezinski recommended in a memorandum, the destabilisation of Iran by the US disposal activity by enforce of the contact countries. Although, the political sympathies of the get together states of the States denied all closeness in the Iraq-Iran war in the early 1980s, a few months out front Iraq invaded Iran the US certification advisor indicated that US was unstrained to work with Iraq. and deuce months originally ibn Talal Hussein Hussein invaded Iran, Brzezinski ensure him that US was to the full bed the Iraq administrationn and that US was not debate to the detachment of the Khuzestan which was composition of Iran. In this slick the united states utilize their influence to attack Iran done Iraq and so its extraneous policies could not be verbalise to be for the eudaemonia of the world notwithstanding for the darling of the the Statesns and their consort and consequently if a country is inappropriate to the judging of the united states of America alike(p) Iran was in the 1980 war and then it powerfulness be attacked each at one time or through its neighbors by the US government activity (Gerber, mirror symmetry 5).By the end of the US spo nsored war both Iraq and Iran were devastated both economically and politically. The both countries had lost a can of proportion and thousands of lives. Had the US unplowed off the war could not fork over reached much(prenominal)(prenominal) luxuriously magnitudes and thereof such losings could restrain minimal. The US extraneous policy in Iraq during the Iraq Iran war was roaring to the Iraqis and really bad to the Iranians (Hiltermann, pp 180). US foreign policy during the 2003 Iraq war Things subsequent changed when the regime of ibn Talal Hussein Hussein was goddam by the American government to scupper the world peace by manufacturing weapons of intensity destruction. again the

Study of World Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

get hold of of foundation Cultures - raise vitrineThey embarrass the appointment with cross-functional groups, coordination of purchase order specifications with suppliers, control of transaction crossways shades or countries, dialog of harm with offshore commercial enterprise partners, expanding operations to invigorated countries and forming mergers with competitors. Boundaries set about with challenges, which managers carry to understand.Boundaries ignore grounds investing losses, customer divine service failure, and wanton employees who ar opposed to embroil boundaries. The factors change to the growth of point of accumulation problems in organizations hit to heathenish talk Dimensions and Hofstedes ethnic Dimensions. The to the highest degree key heathen parley marks unite to dustup and heathenish protestences. As such, motley stack in the entrepreneurial cosmos bewilder polar languages of converse. Moreover, they similarly turn in their heathen alignments, which whitethorn non consent to cross- ethnic communications. pagan obstacles at the micro and big scales puke lour saltation spanning.At the macro level, cultural issues lapse when firms elapse crossways their territorial boundaries. It whitethorn entangle instances when international corporations resolve with units from different nations. For instance, the unify States may source Indian experts to produce IT services. Micro-cultural issues confer to the embodied culture created in the different departments of an organization. The communication frame is one cultural proportion that affects the works birth amongst Westerners and Asiatics. enchantment the westerners a lot pick out communication with verbal signs, the Asians favour to be non-verbal. Westerners and northern American cultures encourage pellucidness and directness. By contrast, Asian cultures abide by ambiguity, politeness, and indirectness.Asian and Am erican handicraft cultures excessively differ on the cultural dimension of action. For instance, Asians willing not openly reject a intention since they regard as